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Posts

May 10, 2013

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7:44 AM | Depression or antidepressant use linked to C.diff infection?
"There's no mystical energy field that controls my destiny". So said a very sceptical Han Solo.Regular readers might know that I'm a bit of fan of the whole gut-brain axis; indeed other kinds of axes too. I know that to some it might sound a bit daft that what goes on in our deepest, darkest bowels might actually have some important effects on the operations of the grey-pinkish matter floating around in skull central - and vice-versa -  but nonetheless it interests me. The gastrointestinal […]

Rogers, M., Greene, M., Young, V., Saint, S., Langa, K., Kao, J. & Aronoff, D. (2013). Depression, antidepressant medications, and risk of Clostridium difficile infection, BMC Medicine, 11 (1) 121. DOI:

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6:41 AM | Mitochondrial Disease – A Neurological Perspective
Defects of mitochondrial function have been identified in several neurodegenerative diseases. These include abnormalities induced by mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) those caused by mutation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, and in some cases, exposure to mitochondrial toxins.MtDNA mutation are associated with a variety of progressive encephalomyopathies inn which there is evidence of neurodegeneration. These include  Kearns-Sayre syndrome myopathy, encephalopathy, […]

McFarland R, Taylor RW & Turnbull DM (2010). A neurological perspective on mitochondrial disease., Lancet neurology, 9 (8) 829-40. PMID:

Venna N (2004). Mitochondrial neurological diseases: a clinician's perspective., Neurology India, 52 (3) 305-6. PMID:

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3:05 AM | Stop to smell the flowers. Especially lavender.
(source)Hi Julie, WOW!Dogs in clothes.  Corgis in bikinis at the beach. Greyhounds in onesies.  We people do some weird things to our canine friends, no?! I'm pretty sure I wouldn't enjoy being dressed up in a padded outfit all day long, so I think I'll pass on sharing that experience with my dogs. As you said, cultural perceptions, ethics and expectations add a whole layer of extra consideration. It's not always easy to work out what dogs want or need. That's why I […]

Wells D.L. (2009). Sensory stimulation as environmental enrichment for captive animals: A review, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118 (1-2) 1-11. DOI:

Graham L., Wells D.L. & Hepper P.G. (2005). The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 91 (1-2) 143-153. DOI:

Wells D.L. (2006). Aromatherapy for travel-induced excitement in dogs, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229 (6) 964-967. DOI:

MOTOMURA N., SAKURAI A. & YOTSUYA Y. (2001). REDUCTION OF MENTAL STRESS WITH LAVENDER ODORANT, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 (3) 713-718. DOI:

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May 09, 2013

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9:32 PM | Scientists Get More Energy, Less Carbon Dioxide From Natural Gas
Chemical engineering researchers have identified a new mechanism to convert natural gas into energy up to 70 times faster, while effectively capturing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). “This could make power generation from natural gas both cleaner and more efficient,” says Fanxing Li, co-author of a paper on the research and an assistant professor

Galinsky, N., Huang, Y., Shafiefarhood, A. & Li, F. (2013). Iron Oxide with Facilitated O Transport for Facile Fuel Oxidation and CO Capture in a Chemical Looping Scheme , ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 1 (3) 364-373. DOI:

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8:52 PM | Coherent Expectations
OK, so let's say you're assigned the problem of determining the mean value, (the expectation value), for n, (the number state), in a harmonic oscillator with a coherent state.  You go back to your favorite coherent state reference by Nieto and Carruthers[1] and get the probability for finding your coherent oscillator in the nth level almost immediately, (picture 1),You're looking for the expectation value for n though, so you need to multiply the probabilty by n and sum the whole […]

Carruthers P. (1965). Coherent States and the Forced Quantum Oscillator, American Journal of Physics, 33 (7) 537. DOI:

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8:14 PM | Merged mice lead to new heart failure treatment
Heart failure (also known as congestive heart failure) is one of the most common and debilitating conditions associated with ageing. At present, there is no real cure for the condition and treatments focus on improving the symptoms and preventing the progression of the disease. Today, a new study was published by researchers at Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) that sheds new light on the condition and proposes a potential new treatment option.Read More

Loffredo, F., Steinhauser, M., Jay, S., Gannon, J., Pancoast, J., Yalamanchi, P., Sinha, M., Dall’Osso, C., Khong, D., Shadrach, J. & Miller, C. (2013). Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Is a Circulating Factor that Reverses Age-Related Cardiac Hypertrophy, Cell, 153 (4) 828-839. DOI:

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5:57 PM | Building the Sense of Touch Into Prosthetic Arms
Prosthetic arms are more sophisticated than ever, and scientists here at UChicago are working on giving them a lifelike sense of touch that can be felt in the brain.

Berg, J., Dammann, J., Tenore, F., Tabot, G., Boback, J., Manfredi, L., Peterson, M., Katyal, K., Johannes, M., Makhlin, A. & Wilcox, R. (2013). Behavioral Demonstration of a Somatosensory Neuroprosthesis, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 1-1. DOI:

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5:01 PM | A harder look at the geology of diamonds
My recent post about diamonds was a rapid romp through some of the most marvellous things earth scientists have discovered about them. In the interests of keeping the casual reader engaged I left out many things. If this left you with … Continue reading →

Schulze, D., Harte, B., , ., Page, F., Valley, J., Channer, D. & Jaques, A. (2013). Anticorrelation between low  13C of eclogitic diamonds and high  18O of their coesite and garnet inclusions requires a subduction origin, Geology, 41 (4) 455-458. DOI:

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3:21 PM | Biomarkers for Psychosis and Schizophrenia Risk
Prefrontal Cortex Highlighted in RedIdentifying valid biomarkers for psychosis and schizophrenia is an active focus in brain research.Tyronne Cannon, Ph.D. from Yale University recently presented a summary of research on this topic at the William K. Warren Neuroscience Symposium in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Here are my notes from his presentation along with related free full-text research references.Biomarker research in psychosis is important because current treatment for psychosis with the […]

Sun D, van Erp TG, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Daley M, Kushan L, Hardt ME, Nuechterlein KH, Toga AW & Cannon TD & (2009). Elucidating a magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroanatomic biomarker for psychosis: classification analysis using probabilistic brain atlas and machine learning algorithms., Biological psychiatry, 66 (11) 1055-60. PMID:

Seidman LJ, Giuliano AJ, Meyer EC, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Tsuang MT, Walker EF & Woods SW (2010). Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS consortium: relationship to family history and conversion to psychosis., Archives of general psychiatry, 67 (6) 578-88. PMID:

Gee DG, Karlsgodt KH, van Erp TG, Bearden CE, Lieberman MD, Belger A, Perkins DO, Olvet DM, Cornblatt BA, Constable T & Woods SW (2012). Altered age-related trajectories of amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a preliminary study., Schizophrenia research, 134 (1) 1-9. PMID:

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2:39 PM | The role of siblings in children’s mental health
When you were young(er), did you also engage in personality predictions with your peers based on order in the family? For example, that the oldest of three siblings would be the bossiest and the youngest the most spoiled? Almost everyone … Continue reading →

Buist KL, Deković M & Prinzie P (2013). Sibling relationship quality and psychopathology of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis., Clinical psychology review, 33 (1) 97-106. PMID:

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2:00 PM | Arctic mission recovers record of surprising warmth
The longest continuous Arctic land sediment core shows that the last time CO2 levels reached current levels, over 2.6 million years ago, North-East Russia was taken was 8°C warmer.

Melles, M., Brigham-Grette, J., Minyuk, P., Nowaczyk, N., Wennrich, V., DeConto, R., Anderson, P., Andreev, A., Coletti, A., Cook, T. & Haltia-Hovi, E. (2012). 2.8 Million Years of Arctic Climate Change from Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia, Science, 337 (6092) 315-320. DOI:

Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk, Andrei Andreev, Pavel Tarasov, Robert DeConto, Sebastian Koenig, Norbert Nowaczyk, Volker Wennrich, Peter Rosén, Eeva Haltia, Tim Cook, Catalina Gebhardt, Carsten Meyer-Jacob, Jeff Snyder, Ulrike Herzsch (2013). Pliocene Warmth, Polar Amplification, and Stepped Pleistocene Cooling Recorded in NE Arctic Russia, Science, Other: 10.1126/science.1233137

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1:28 PM | The wasp and the cockroach: a zombie story
The world of parasites is full of incredible tales of manipulation and mind-control as these creatures twist their hosts to …Continue reading »

Libersat, F. & Gal, R. (2012). What can parasitoid wasps teach us about decision-making in insects?, Journal of Experimental Biology, 216 (1) 47-55. DOI:

Herzner, G., Schlecht, A., Dollhofer, V., Parzefall, C., Harrar, K., Kreuzer, A., Pilsl, L. & Ruther, J. (2013). Larvae of the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa sanitize their host, the American cockroach, with a blend of antimicrobials, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (4) 1369-1374. DOI:

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9:21 AM | Children aren't scared by nasty dentist visits, but by what they think of them
The Greek Stoic Epictetus wrote that "Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." A new study involving 185 children and teenagers, 88 fathers and 97 mothers shows how this same principle applies to children's fear of the dentist. This is an important topic because many children avoid the dentist out of fear, and around half of dentally anxious adults trace their fears to childhood. Antonio Crego and his colleagues assessed the children's fear of the dentist, […]

Crego, A., Carrillo-Diaz, M., Armfield, J. & Romero, M. (2013). Applying the Cognitive Vulnerability Model to the analysis of cognitive and family influences on children's dental fear, European Journal of Oral Sciences, DOI:

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3:30 AM | Evolutionary games in set structured populations
We have previously discussed the importance of population structure in evolutionary game theory, and looked at the Ohtsuki-Nowak transform for analytic studies of games on one of the simplest structures — random regular graphs. However, there is another extremely simple structure to consider: a family of inviscid sets. We can think of each agent as [...]

Tarnita, C., Antal, T., Ohtsuki, H. & Nowak, M. (2009). Evolutionary dynamics in set structured populations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (21) 8601-8604. DOI:

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May 08, 2013

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7:46 PM | Dual Color Semiconductor Device Opens Way to Cheaper Lighting
A group of scientists from the Arizona State University have developed a semiconductor device that is capable of emitting two distinct colors simultaneously. An ability to emit light in a wide spectrum range from a single monolithic structure could potentially become a basis for a cheaper and more efficient lighting technology. Read more »

Fan, F., Liu, Z., Yin, L., Nichols, P., Ning, H., Turkdogan, S. & Ning, C. (2013). Simultaneous two-color lasing in a single CdSSe heterostructure nanosheet, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 28 (6) 65005. DOI:

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6:30 PM | Atmospheric Conditions Influence Outbreaks of Disease in Europe
A recently published paper in Scientific Reports has found that climate variability in the form of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has had a significant impact on the occurrence of disease outbreaks in Europe over the past fifty years. Researchers in France and the United Kingdom studied 2,058 outbreaks occurring in 36 countries from 114 infectious [...]

Morand S, Owers KA, Waret-Szkuta A, McIntyre KM & Baylis M (2013). Climate variability and outbreaks of infectious diseases in Europe., Scientific reports, 3 1774. PMID:

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5:26 PM | Determinación de la composición elemental átomo a átomo usando microscopía electrónica.
Se sabe desde hace mucho tiempo que la resolución espacial que se puede conseguir con un microscopio óptico, esto es, la característica más pequeña que se puede observar, es del orden de la longitud de onda de la luz que se emplee. Para que nos hagamos una idea del orden de magnitud, la longitud de onda del verde es de 550 nm (nanometros). Una forma de mejorar esta resolución es evidente: usar partículas con longitudes de onda asociadas más pequeñas o, lo que es lo mismo, más […]

Urban K.W., Mayer J., Jinschek J.R., Neish M.J., Lugg N.R. & Allen L.J. (2013). Achromatic Elemental Mapping Beyond the Nanoscale in the Transmission Electron Microscope, Physical Review Letters, 110 (18) DOI:

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5:00 PM | Microbial Misadventures: Anthrax, Hippies & Drum Circles
Everyone has their own collecting quirk. I myself collect animal skulls, inconveniently large earrings and unusual stories of infectious disease cases and outbreaks. To each their own, yes? I’ve decided that, instead of stockpiling these stories away in some recess of my brain, I’ll be sharing them online in a new recurring series on Body [...]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010). Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009., MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 59 (28) 872-7. PMID:

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3:44 PM | Fluorescent Dye Increases Solar Cells’ Efficiency
Scientists at Yale think that for some solar cells the future may be fluorescent. While many may believe that the purpose of a solar cell is to absorb light, not to emit it (fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation), it turns out that the addition of a fluorescent organic dye to the cell layer improves the ability of a promising type of solar cell to absorb light and convert it into electrical power. Read more »

Huang, J., Goh, T., Li, X., Sfeir, M., Bielinski, E., Tomasulo, S., Lee, M., Hazari, N. & Taylor, A. (2013). Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells employing Förster resonance energy transfer, Nature Photonics, DOI:

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Editor's Pick
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3:27 PM | Biting the Bullet
It is 6 am. In the soft morning light, we can barely see the monkeys. They have just exited their sleep tree and fed on some succulent Pourouma nearby.  Their … Continue reading →

Diaz J.H. (2009). Recognition, Management, and Prevention of Hymenopteran Stings and Allergic Reactions in Travelers, Journal of Travel Medicine, 16 (5) 357-364. DOI:

Haddad Junior V., Cardoso J.L.C. & Moraes R.H.P. (2005). Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae), Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 47 (4) 235-238. DOI:

Hoffman D.R. (2010). Ant venoms, Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 10 (4) 342-346. DOI:

Morgan E.D., Jungnickel H., Keegans S.J., do Nascimento R.R., Billen J., Gobin B. & Ito F. Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae., Journal of chemical ecology, PMID:

Szolajska E., Poznanski J., Ferber M.L., Michalik J., Gout E., Fender P., Bailly I., Dublet B. & Chroboczek J. (2004). Poneratoxin, a neurotoxin from ant venom: 
structure and expression in insect cells and construction of a bio-insecticide., European Journal of Biochemistry, 271 (11) 2127-2136. DOI:

Johnson S.R., Copello J.A., Evans M.S. & Suarez A.V. (2010). A biochemical characterization of the major peptides from the venom of the giant Neotropical hunting ant Dinoponera australis, Toxicon, 55 (4) 702-710. DOI:

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2:43 PM | “Can you hear me now?” The new record holder for hearing
This is our new winner, ladies and gentlemen. This unassuming moth is a greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Don’t let its drab appearance fool you, friends. This is a record-setting animal, with one of the most extreme sensory systems yet found. Its speciality? Hearing. When you listen to anything, there are two main properties inherent in the sound: loudness and tone. The volume is determined by the size of sound waves; the tone is set by the frequency of sound waves. Humans hear […]

Moir H.M., Jackson J.C. & Windmill J.F.C. (2013). Extremely high frequency sensitivity in a 'simple' ear, Biology Letters, 9 (4) 20130241-20130241. DOI:

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1:50 PM | Thanks Mom!
Like Mother, like baby! Photo from freedigitalphotos.net.Moms give us so much more than we ever give them credit for. Biologically speaking, we all have a mom and a dad (unless you’re a flatworm or some other species that can reproduce without sex) that provide us with one of each chromosome type (our chromosomes contain our genes, commonly thought of as our “biological blueprints”). So it makes sense that we tend to think of ourselves as being half-our-mom and half-our-dad. But not so! […]

BERNARDO, J. (1996). Maternal Effects in Animal Ecology, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 36 (2) 83-105. DOI:

Wolf, J. & Wade, M.J. (2009). What are maternal effects (and what are they not)?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364 1107-1115.

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1:24 PM | Differences between “marathon mice” and “couch potato mice” reveal key to muscle fitness
Sanford-Burnham researchers identify microRNAs as the missing link between the two defining features of muscle fitness—fuel-burning and fiber-type switching—providing a potential new target for interventions that boost fitness in people with chronic illness or injury.

Gan, Z., Rumsey, J., Hazen, B., Lai, L., Leone, T., Vega, R., Xie, H., Conley, K., Auwerx, J., Smith, S. & Olson, E. (2013). Nuclear receptor/microRNA circuitry links muscle fiber type to energy metabolism, Journal of Clinical Investigation, DOI:

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12:30 PM | On Puppies, Pet Stores, and Behaviour Problems
If you buy a puppy from a pet store, could you be getting more than you bargained for? It has long been thought that puppies from pet shops might have behavioural problems. A new study by Franklin D. McMillan et al investigates this by comparing puppies from pet stores to those from non-commercial breeders.The puppies that are for sale in pet shops originate from commercial breeding establishments, also known as puppy mills or puppy farms. These are large establishments that breed […]

McMillan, F., Serpell, J., Duffy, D., Masaoud, E. & Dohoo, I. (2013). Differences in behavioral characteristics between dogs obtained as puppies from pet stores and those obtained from noncommercial breeders, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242 (10) 1359-1363. DOI:

McMillan, F., Duffy, D. & Serpell, J. (2011). Mental health of dogs formerly used as ‘breeding stock’ in commercial breeding establishments, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135 (1-2) 86-94. DOI:

Westgarth, C., Reevell, K. & Barclay, R. (2012). Association between prospective owner viewing of the parents of a puppy and later referral for behavioural problems, Veterinary Record, 170 (20) 517-517. DOI:

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12:00 PM | It’s An Airtight Case
Biology concepts – respiration, aerobe, anaerobe, CAM plants, plastron respiration, cutaneous respiration Question of the Day – what living thing can hold its breath the longest?It may seem like an exaggeration, but people whose tissues are low on oxygen (hypoxic) can have a bluish hue (cyanosis). Blood that is oxygenated is redder than blood that is deoxygenated. In animals with more hemoglobin than humans, like whales, the blood can actually turn almost purple. Blue Man Group will turn […]

Gengenbacher, M. & Kaufmann, S. (2012). Mycobacterium tuberculosis: success through dormancy, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36 (3) 514-532. DOI:

Fielden, L., Knolhoff, L., Villarreal, S. & Ryan, P. (2011). Underwater survival in the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari:Ixodidae), Journal of Insect Physiology, 57 (1) 21-26. DOI:

Williams, T., Zavanelli, M., Miller, M., Goldbeck, R., Morledge, M., Casper, D., Pabst, D., McLellan, W., Cantin, L. & Kliger, D. & (2008). Running, swimming and diving modifies neuroprotecting globins in the mammalian brain, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275 (1636) 751-758. DOI:

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8:35 AM | Does melatonin affect leaky gut? Relevance to autism
Shocker alert: medicines might have more effects than those listed on the patient information leaflet.I like being surprised. I particularly like being surprised about medicines and health, and how many of the medicines which even reside in the typical household medicines cabinet* might carry the potential to do so much more than that listed on the package insert. Leaking? @ Wikipedia  Take for example the recent paper I bumped into by Sommansson and colleagues** continuing their […]

Sommansson A, Wan Saudi WS, Nylander O & Sjöblom M (2013). Melatonin inhibits alcohol-induced increases in duodenal mucosal permeability in rats in vivo., American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, PMID:

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8:14 AM | "It's about accepting that you're mortal" - Extreme sports enthusiasts on overcoming fear
In a safety-obsessed culture, why do some people throw caution to the wind and pursue sports where a wrong move often means instant death? Clues come from a series of interviews conducted with a group of 15 extreme sport participants (aged 30 to 70; 10 men) about their relationship with fear, including BASE jumpers (who launch themselves off high buildings), big wave surfers and waterfall kayakers. Eric Brymer and Robert Schweitzer transcribed the interviews and looked for emerging themes. […]

Brymer, E. & Schweitzer, R. (2012). Extreme sports are good for your health: A phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport, Journal of Health Psychology, 18 (4) 477-487. DOI:

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8:04 AM | Scaffold made of silk and cellulose effective for cartilage regeneration
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease affecting more than 27 million people in the U. S, globally causing moderate to severe disability in more than 40 million people. In the past decade, stem cells have shown great promise in treating OA. Yesterday, researchers at the University of Bristol announced that they have created a 'smart material', composed of silk and cellulose, that according to them paves the wave for both affordable and effective cell based treatments for cartilage […]

Singh, N., Rahatekar, S., Koziol, K., Ng, T., Patil, A., Mann, S., Hollander, A. & Kafienah, W. (2013). Directing Chondrogenesis of Stem Cells with Specific Blends of Cellulose and Silk, Biomacromolecules, 2147483647. DOI:

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12:59 AM | Orexin and Insomnia
If Valium makes you groggy, and Ambien makes you sleepwalk… A compound that blocks a brain receptor you probably have never heard of may hold the key to the next generation of sleeping pills—and there is always a next generation of sleeping pills. A new class of hypnotic compounds that serve as antagonists for the neurotransmitter orexin may combat insomnia without the “confusional arousals” that have come to plague some users of zolpidem, otherwise known as Ambien. Sleepwalking, […]

Uslaner J.M., Tye S.J., Eddins D.M., Wang X., Fox S.V., Savitz A.T., Binns J., Cannon C.E., Garson S.L. & Yao L. & (2013). Orexin Receptor Antagonists Differ from Standard Sleep Drugs by Promoting Sleep at Doses That Do Not Disrupt Cognition, Science Translational Medicine, 5 (179) 179ra44-179ra44. DOI:

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May 07, 2013

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11:01 PM | In Your Face: soldiers' faces predict aggression, military rank and number of children | @GrrlScientist
New research demonstrates that male soldiers' faces may predict their military rank and how many children they ultimately fatherWhat role has aggression played in human evolution? Can scientists predict who might be more aggressive? And how might increased aggressiveness be linked to overall fitness? Previous research found that aggression in hockey players is correlated with their facial width to height ratio (fWHR), and a new study builds on this work by demonstrating that fWHR may also […]

Carré J.M. & McCormick C.M. (2008). In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275 (1651) 2651-2656. DOI:

Wong E.M., Ormiston M.E. & Haselhuhn M.P. (2011). A Face Only an Investor Could Love: CEOs' Facial Structure Predicts Their Firms' Financial Performance, Psychological Science, 22 (12) 1478-1483. DOI:

Tsujimura H. & Banissy M.J. (2013). Human face structure correlates with professional baseball performance: insights from professional Japanese baseball players, Biology Letters, 9 (3) 20130140-20130140. DOI:

Stirrat M., Stulp G. & Pollet T.V. (2012). Male facial width is associated with death by contact violence: narrow-faced males are more likely to die from contact violence, Evolution and Human Behavior, 33 (5) 551-556. DOI:

Stirrat M. & Perrett D.I. (2012). Face Structure Predicts Cooperation: Men With Wider Faces Are More Generous to Their In-Group When Out-Group Competition Is Salient, Psychological Science, 23 (7) 718-722. DOI:

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