Males – Can’t Live Without Them?

Biology concepts – parthenogenesis, gynogenesis, kleptogenesis, sperm-dependent parthenogenesis, pseudogamy, Muller’s ratchetLast week we introduced the idea that species can be (facultative) or must be (obligate) parthenogenic. Both facultative and obligate species are diverse, interesting, and full of exceptions – what a surprise. The pea aphid is a wonder of biology. Here, you see a winged male with offspring nearby. It is hard to tell if these are clonal offspring, but they […]